![]() ![]() On the grapevine, one person may hear that someone else is going to be laid off and start passing the news around. The unofficial, informal communication network within an organization is often called the grapevine, and it is often characterized by rumor, gossip, and innuendo. All organizations have informal and formal communication networks. It may also be used to update a team on activities for a given project, or to inform a specific group within a company of an event, action, or observance.Ī memo’s purpose is often to inform, but it occasionally includes an element of persuasion or a call to action. ![]() It is often written from a one-to-all perspective (like mass communication), broadcasting a message to an audience, rather than a one-on-one, interpersonal communication. Access sample business letters and write a sample business letter.Ī memo (or memorandum, meaning “reminder”) is normally used for communicating policies, procedures, or related official business within an organization.Describe the fifteen parts of a standard business letter.Understand effective strategies for business memos.Discuss the purpose and format of a memo.But Congress neglected to include presidential memoranda, and included them the next year - but only for a memorandum with an estimated regulatory cost of $100 million or more. ► Cost estimates: In 2014, fed up with Obama's executive orders, Congress required the White House Office of Management and Budget to begin reporting on the cost of executive orders. Presidential memoranda are used to delegate tasks and reports assigned by Congress to the president, start a regulatory process, or direct a specific department or agency to do something. They can impose economic sanctions on other countries, declare states of emergency, or give federal workers a day off. ► Subjects: Executive orders are often organizational, used to create new executive branch committees, processes or lines of responsibility. A presidential memorandum can be changed with another memorandum. ► Amendments: An executive order can only be amended or rescinded by another executive order. Presidential memoranda have no such requirement. That could be the constitution, or a specific statute. ![]() Kennedy, an executive order must cite the authority the president has to issue it. ► Authority: Under an executive order signed by President John F. Notices and determinations are usually required by Congress on specific issues. The hierarchy is: Proclamations, executive orders, presidential memoranda, presidential notices, and presidential determinations. ![]() ► Precedence: Certain types of orders are given priority in publication in the Federal Register, and may take legal precedence. But it's the publication of the memorandum that gives them "general applicability and legal effect." ► Publication: Executive orders are required by law to be published in the Federal Register, which is sort of the executive counterpart to the Congressional Record. Presidential memoranda may be published or not, depending on the subject. ► Prestige: An order sounds more assertive than a memo, and the numbering system gives executive orders an aura of power. Trump's most recent order, titled, "Minimizing the Economic Burden of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Pending Repeal," is Executive Order 13765. Presidential memoranda are not numbered, which makes them more difficult to count. ► Numbering: Executive orders are numbered. ![]()
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